How to check PNR and train running status online

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How to check PNR and train running status online

Passenger name record (PNR) is seen as a record of all databases in Indian railways system. The Indian railway's computer reservation system (IR-CRS) is a list of all journey information of all passengers that are saved. Passenger names are stored in a centralized database that helps keep track all passengers that have booked a ticket with the Indian railway. The PNR status is associated with a very simple and unique ten-digit pin on the PNR ticket used in monitoring train running status in Indian railways.
This PNR status is a very important feature that keeps track and acts as a security and use to trace the passengers. This PNR database contains some vital information directly inputted into the computer reservation system. This information includes name, gender, age, next of kin etc.
Train service has a number of seats and requires proper reservation and booking in order to keep a space. Without a confirmed reserved ticket the bookings become invalid. An invalid ticket may later turn from a wait list (W/L) status when space is made due to cancellation by an already booked customer or a seat formerly reserved for a customer becomes available.
How to locate your PNR number
Your passenger name record can easily be located at the top left side of the ticket given to you and also can also be seen on the top of a separated cell on the ticket.
Note: Tickets gotten through the railway ticket stand (Top left tickets corner)
Tickets gotten via online or through the recommended Indian railways computer reservation system (website) (Seen in a separate Column or cell at the top)
Types of Indian Railways Tickets
E-Ticket
This is an electronic ticket that can be booked through the accredited IRCTC website and then show the ticket with a relevant ID card.
i-Ticket
These tickets are booked at the various railway reservation centers and counter and brought to you at your place.
Steps to check your PNR Status
By using Meramaal PNR status follow steps to check your PNR number can come in various ways. Check out some ways to find out your PNR status.
Shortcode services or short message service (SMS): This can be used without internet service. This is a very easy and comfortable way to check out your status. Railway has launched SMS service for PNR inquiry to enhance customer satisfaction. Passengers having no access to the internet find it useful and convenient. The most popular of them are as follows:
Sending SMS using PNR 1234567890: these are the available service providers: BSNL, MTNL, AIRTEL, RELIANCE, TELENOR, TATA, AIRCEL, and VODAFONE. Another step could be through 5676747 SMS service maintained by rail zone.
Making an enquiring through railway counters along railway stations.
Through the use of mobile applications that are downloaded on android, and windows phones, this app are downloaded from Google App world.
Through the use of reservation charts which is usually prepared some two or three hours before departure time as it is posted on the railway notice board platform.
For more information visit https://www.pnr.meramaal.com/

How To Buy Carpet Cleaning Machines

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How To Buy Carpet Cleaning Machines

Whether you are starting a new carpet cleaning business or expanding an existing one. Learning the facts, before you buy a carpet cleaning machine, can allow you to make an informed decision, that will affect your bottom line for years.
Physical Conditions You Have To Have To Clean Carpet

1. Hot Water between 160 and 200. (Optimum Performance: 185)

Many Truck Mount manufacturers advertise extremely high water temperatures to make their system(s) seem more appealing. The fact is, water boils at 212 and begins to produce steam. And I know, we all call it steam-cleaning but, the truth is, carpet cleaning is done with extremely hot water and not steam. Steam is a gas, you cant retain any pressure with steam, you cant clean carpet with steam and you can do real damage to your equipment and carpet. Most truck mount systems today can produce extreme temperatures or steam if you turn the heat up higher than it should be. If a unit can produce heat at 160 to 200 consistently, then it can do the same or better job as a system that promises to produce 240 or higher. Many manufacturers dont tell you that you cant or wont clean with 240, but simply attempt to mislead you with overblown numbers. Be a wise shopper by knowing what the specifications should be. After all, even if you could, you wouldnt wash your clothes in boiling water because over time it would damage the material, just as it will damage carpet fibers, backing and glue. But, you would wash them in hot water. Think about it . . .

2. Pressure between 100psi and 650psi. (Optimum Performance: 600psi)

Water pressure forces hot water or hot water and cleaning agent into, over or through the carpet. Too much pressure and you force dirt and cleaning agent through the carpet fibers and backing and into the pad, putting down too much moisture to pull up, extending drying time, introducing malodors and/or possibly causing mildew. Not enough pressure and you cant penetrate the fibers enough to break the dirt loose. The optimum pressure allows you to penetrate the fibers, mix with and remove the dirt.

3. Vacuum at 15Hg, 240cfm. (Optimum Performance: 15Hg, 240cfm)

Vacuum is measured in two ways lift and air flow.

Lift Most systems can produce 15Hg of lift. 15Hg stands for 15 inches of mercury. This is how much lift it takes on average to efficiently pull water from ground level or lower, up and into your system recovery tank. If you set your system too low below 15Hg you may not have enough lift for extraction, set it too high above 15Hg and you run the risk of doing damage to your system.

Air Flow is measured in cubic feet per minute and is the amount of vacuum power it takes to clear or pull the water through your wand and vacuum hose and up into to the system recovery tank with consistent performance. The optimum amount of air flow for single floor wand cleaning is 240cfm. So it only goes to follow that the optimum air flow for dual or two floor wand cleaning is double that or around 480cfm. Rather than use two floor wands, many cleaners prefer to take advantage of the dual-wand configured system by having one technician cleaning with a floor wand and another using a furniture or detail tool at the same time, achieving optimum performance at around 380cfm.

Heat Exchange VS Propane Heated Machines

Most Truck Mount systems today heat the water one of two ways, heat exchange or propane heat.

Heat Exchange Also referred to as heat exchanger systems are available in two configurations, air-to-water or water-to-water.

In air-to-water systems the water is heated by the truck mount engine exhaust or in the case of a dual or two stage air-to-water heat exchange system, water is first pre-heated by the blower exhaust and then heated for use by engine exhaust. This is accomplished by letting the water flow through a metal (usually stainless steel) tube or coil surrounded by an outer metal tube or shell which is filled with hot engine exhaust (air). There are two things to look for with an air-to-water system. One, the system should have a diverter-valve to allow you to divert the engine exhaust away from the water flow and through the normal engine exhaust path when doing water extractions and not cleaning (using water). Two, a needle-valve or available mechanism, that assists in regulating the water temperature to the wand. This is done by adjusting the water flow through the inner heat exchange tube. The more water flow the less heat. The less water flow, the hotter the water coming out of the wand. But, since there is no way to regulate the heat of the exhaust air in the outer tube it is better and safer to be able to divert the hot exhaust air away from the inner water exchange tube when not cleaning.

With water-to-water systems the water is run through a tube that is surrounded by a tube with flowing, heated coolant from your vehicles coolant system. Since the temperature of the coolant (water) in the outer tube can be regulated by the vehicles thermostat, there is no need for a way to divert the coolant away from the outer heating tube or regulate the water flow in the inner heat exchange tube.

Both systems do a fine job of heating the water. But, since it is a simple fact that water heats (anything) faster and more consistently than air, the system to use depends on the type of cleaning you are doing. If you are cleaning residential homes, moving from room to room, moving furniture and cleaning detailed areas at a time, then an air-to-water system will deliver enough heat to do the job. On the other hand, if you are cleaning large commercial areas or apartments with a lot of non-stop wand work, then the water-to-water system will deliver more consistent heat.

Propane Heat Is overall the hottest and more easily controlled heat available for truck mount systems. The only negative in comparison to heat exchange is that you have to purchase propane gas to run the heating system. In most propane systems the propane gas is stored in a belly tank outside the vehicle. A hose is run from the tank to feed a hot water heater inside the van. Pressurized water from the system pump flows through the hot water heater and is delivered to the wand for cleaning. The temperature of the water is thermostatically controlled by easily adjusting the temperature control knob on the heater thermostat. Other than having to purchase propane gas, there are several positives to be aware of with a propane heated system. Besides the thermostatic control of the water temperature, propane systems are extremely versatile and simple to operate and maintain, and with built-in emergency gas shutoff and venting, can be operated with a high degree of dependability and safety.

PTO Machines VS Slide-in Machines

Truck mount carpet cleaning systems are built in two designs, PTO (Power Take Off) or Slide-in systems.

PTO Power Take Off systems operate by taking power from your vehicles transmission or drive-train system to run the truck mounts drive system to turn the vacuum blower and pump. Generally these systems are water-to-water heat exchange systems so they also harness the heat of the vehicle's coolant system to heat the water. The advantage of the PTO systems is that they can be very easy to operate. However there are some disadvantages. Generally PTO systems are much more expensive than Slide-in systems. This is because the PTO truck mount system is permanently built-in as part of the vehicle. In other words your vehicle is your truck mount system and your truck mount system is your vehicle. This means that if you want to run your truck mount system, you must run the vehicle at the same time. Ultimately, this will substantially increase the otherwise normal wear and tear on your vehicles systems. If the unfortunate circumstance occurs that your vehicle is wrecked or totaled, unlike a slide-in system that you could remove from the wrecked vehicle and place in a new one, with the PTO system you not only wrecked or totaled your vehicle but also your truck mount system. With PTO systems as with some hugely overblown slide-in systems the cost of maintenance and replacement parts can be outrageously high. Also, be aware that many PTO systems incorporate large vacuum blowers and the vehicle's power does not turn the vacuum blower at enough RPMs to operate at the blowers optimum performance. There are also systems (PTO and Slide-in) that incorporate large blowers that are built correctly. So just look out that you arent purchasing components that will never reach or be used at their peak efficiency.

Slide-in Slide-in systems come in an array of configurations, from very economical yet powerful, simple designs that are easy and cheap to maintain, to extremely expensive, large, over compensated systems that, much like PTO systems, can be very hard to work on and very labor intensive and expensive when you have to get them serviced. The thing about slide-in systems is that they all operate using the same three components, an engine, a vacuum blower and a water pump. Yet, some systems are made to be more appealing by incorporating giant housings that display lots of extra controls and gauges that you dont really need and are just going to present you with down-time and extra maintenance expense. Some systems promote big horse power engines to give the appearance of added power to your overall system, when after all that is not the case. In a truck mount system, the vacuum blower is turned at the safest, maximum RPMs to obtain the blower's optimum lift" and airflow. If an eighteen horse power engine accomplishes this task, then anything larger has been installed either out of ignorance or with the goal of misleading the buyer. The best slide-in systems are honestly built to meet all of the optimum specifications required to do the job and provide you with a tool to make money with, not an albatross that is designed to take back as much of that money as its high purchase price and maintenance cost can. If you think about the fact that all slide-in systems use the same three components to operate, then it is easy to see that they all produce the same results, no matter how they are packaged. The real advantage to the simpler slide-in systems is that they are just as powerful, yet much easier and cheaper to maintain with less down time, since much of the maintenance can be done by the operator. Also, they are extremely versatile, allowing you to install them in a variety of configurations and vehicles.

The Bottom Line

The bottom line is, BE AN EDUCATED BUYER! Some systems are advertised as simple, some as large and therefore giving the appearance of being more powerful, some are promoted to be easier or safer to operate. Make no mistake about it, easy and safe operation, no matter what the system, is only determined by the common sense of the operator. If you know what the optimum performance is that you have to have to do the work you want to do, then use that knowledge to obtain an economical and easily maintained system that is going to be of service to you for years, making you money, rather than one that you spend years of money servicing.

How to Build a Project Management Office

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How to Build a Project Management Office

A Project Management Office (PMO) is a centralized, coordinating body within an organisation that provides an infrastructure of people, procedures, and tools for effective project management. It sets standards, enforces accountability and provides governance to manage a number of projects objectively and fruitfully.

The following are some of the many benefits of having a PMO within an organization:-

Deliver projects with efficiency and consistency.
Implement standard operating practices.
Provide transparent status and financial reporting to the top management.
Aligning investments towards organizational strategy.
Establish foundation for managing organizational portfolio effectively.
Improve stakeholder/customer satisfaction.
Enhance employee productivity.
Improve profitability by limiting project failures, better resource utilization and effective execution of high return on investment.
Archive data on the projects operational performance.

Steps for building the Project Management Office:

Enlist support from Senior Management:-

Before you begin to set up a structured PMO, you need to get the backing from the top-level management as well as the required funding. For obtaining support and agreement from senior management, you will need to justify the changes in organizational structure by explaining the cost-benefit and increment in return on investments.

Establish the Role and Scope of the PMO:-

The role and scope of a PMO can be different in different organisations. While building a PMO, you need to consult your stakeholders to understand their requirements and goals so as to determine how and where the PMO will fit within the organisation. Once the objectives of having a PMO are set, you have to prepare a PMO implementation plan.

Formulate Policies and Templates:-

You need to formulate and document appropriate policies and project templates. These policies and templates will guide the project managers regarding project approval procedures, recruitment and training, funding, resource management and other day-to-day tasks. Standardisation of procedures plays an important part in allowing an organisation to compare different projects and allocate resources wherever necessary. Later, when the PMO grows, these policies may be further reviewed and refined by the Director of PMO in consultation with the individual project managers.

Determine the Structure and Build the Team:-

There is no formula for determining the PMO structure as it greatly depends on the current organizational structure, organizational culture and management style. Some prefer to manage all aspects of the project assigned to them including planning, scheduling, budgeting, resource management and communication. There are others who coordinate these functions with the support coming from various corresponding departments.

Identify Skills and Train the Staff:-

You need to identify the skill sets and proficiency levels of project managers and staff in order to establish the kind of training required to be given. This information can be obtained by reviewing the status of various on-going projects. Most of the training content can be based on the standard policies and procedures defined at the start of the PMO. It is quite reasonable to assume that there will be changes in the staff members and organisational culture over a period of time. An on-going training programme will help train new employees about operating standards and existing employees about procedural changes.

Project Mangement Software Mac

Review the PMO:-

Once the PMO is established, it is the task of the PMO to continue monitoring and measuring project successes. Not only that, it also need to ensure that the PMO continues to stay relevant within the organization by managing a portfolio of projects. Also, it needs to keep identifying processes that need improvement and then develop and implement appropriate improvement measures. The PMO Director has to regularly review the PMO's performance and scope so that it remains relevant to the organisation's changing business needs.

Conclusion:-

For the PMO to stay relevant and sustainable, you will have to make sure all projects pass through the PMO. Otherwise, there would be no reason to have a PMO within an organization. An effective PMO acts as a catalyst for greater productivity and efficiency. It enables an organisation to achieve more while using fewer resources with lesser risk. All these factors will greatly contribute towards improving the organizations project success rate.

How to Become an Aides Supervisor

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How to Become an Aides Supervisor

This is a rewarding career for those who don't want to pursue a college degree but at the same time help those stricken by a terrible disease. This career is challenging and requires those who have big hearts and are passionate about helping others.

Job description:

Home aides supervisors carefully watch over the care given to patients. They work, teach, educate, train and give work to other health aide practitioners to develop a selected treatment plan. Being trustworthy, caring, diligent, mentally stable and happy are expected for home aides professionals. Additionally, home aides workers should always remain cheerful even when you are helping someone who is confused or who don't appreciate your assistance.

Training and licensing requirements:

A person who has graduated from high school is eligible to become an aides supervisor or an equivalent GED.

You will need to pass a medical test and take a physical fitness test to see if you are able to lift and carry patients.

Each state have different requirements for the educational and training that home health aides workers have to complete.

Call the Nursing Board in the state where you are planning to work. Ask if you need additional training beyond a high school degree.

Questions you should ask the board of nursing in your state:

Where can you get certification or licensing and what kind of exams must you take.

Find out if there are on the job training avaiable and what training must you pass in order to get licensed and certified. You might have to get certified as a nursing assitant, see if there are any Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA) requirements before taking any state exams. You may be able to take two exams in one sitting.

Get information on how your state manages their home health aides program.

Tips on having your application stand out:

Take a course in health care or nursing at a local community college.

Take online courses made available on the website for the National Association for Home Health Care.

Keep an updated resume of the courses you have taken.

Apply for the licensing and certification required to become a home aides supervisor. Even if certifications or licensing is not required, being licensed or certified increases your chances of becoming hired.

Volunteer your time at a local hospital or nursing home.

Why not start not and begin a career that you really enjoy through helping others.

How To Become a Private Investigator

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How To Become a Private Investigator

Whenever someone asks me what I do for a living and I tell them I'm a private investigator I usually get the same response. "Oh how interesting. I've always wanted to be a private eye, how can I become a private detective." It's not that easy to answer at a BBQ or cocktail party but in this series of articles I'm going to attempt to outline a step by step guide on "How to become a PI".

We will be focusing our attention on these basic areas. 1. State licensing requirements 2 Education and Training 3. Integrity investigations 4. Getting started tomorrow

First and most important is learning your state licensing requirements. Some states require a test, some don't. Some states require you work a certain number of hours under a licensed private Investigator until you can get licensed yourself but some do not. Some states require a degree in criminal justice, some do not. Most states will require some experience as an investigator before they will issue a licence. This is why most private investigators are former police officers but many are not. Almost every state will do a background investigation to determine if you have a criminal record or outstanding warrant, some states will even look into your credit history and ask for personal and professional references. Today a licensed private investigator can have access to a variety if personal information such as social security numbers, criminal records checks, locating databases. If a person of suspect character had access to this type of information they could irresponsibly release it to a stalker or potential murderer, or at the very least an identity thief. So that's why it's important for private investigators to be regulated at the sate level. Each state is different and you can either use goggle to find online state by state licensing requirements for private investigators or contact your sates dept of licensing.

Second is education. If your state requires a degree in criminal justice you'll need to find a good school or online college. Even if your state does not require a degree your potential employer may. So you'll want to get some kinds of degree or certificate. There are many online schools that offer a Private Investigator certificate. This may not help with your state licensing board but a potential employer will be impressed that you are taking your new career choice seriously by getting some education under your belt.

Third is Integrity Investigations, sometimes also called mystery shopping. These companies will hire inexperienced private investigator trainees to visit local businesses in their area to conduct undercover visits and see if the employees are following the stores corporate policies. Sometimes you'll visit a major dept store and take covert video. Other times you'll dine for free at a restaurant and report back on the quality of food and service. It's very important that you carefully research the companies that are offering mystery shops and integrity investigations. You should NEVER have to pay an up front fee of any kind to a reputable company.

Last is getting started tomorrow. With a little bit of research you can find recourses to lead you to reputable Mystery shopping companies. Apply and they can accept you train you and have you out doing investigations in days. Do some investigation and find out your sates licensing requirements. If no license is required you could be in business in no time. Especially if you have life experience in helping people and problem solving.

How Telemarketing Companies Can Increase Their Overall Efficiency

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How Telemarketing Companies Can Increase Their Overall Efficiency

Outbound telemarketing is a worldwide accepted technique that has helped organizations in not only maximizing their sales and revenues with minimal investments but has also enabled them to develop exhaustive marketing insights.  As this is the only marketing technique that can ensure direct communication with customers or prospects, businesses can use telemarketing strategies to comprehend latest changes in customers expectations, needs, and desires. 

However, as most organizations lack technical efficiency and expertise in handling and managing telemarketing functions, decision makers collaborate with efficient outbound telemarketing companies.  As the demand for telemarketing service peaks up across the globe, it has given rise to stiff competition among the service providers.  Therefore, every telemarketing service providers take relevant initiatives focused on boosting their overall efficiency.

Given below are few tips that can help telemarketing companies increase their overall efficiency.

Invest in latest technologies:  There are plenty of telemarketing functions and activities that cannot be accomplished efficiently if you do not have access to efficient technologies.  Moreover, latest technologies also help in minimizing the cost incurred on accomplishing various marketing functions.  Most telemarketing companies hesitate to invest in technologies, and they think that technologies have no role to play as it comes to telemarketing.  However, as a matter of fact, technologies can help those companies in saving precious time of their marketing specialists, and this in turn can ensure increased overall efficiency of the workforce.  Therefore, telemarketing agencies must invest in latest technologies to minimize telemarketing services prices as well as to enhance the overall efficiency of their marketing specialists.

Make use of efficient CRM software:  It is quite necessary to make use of efficient customer relationship management software that can help you manage and monitor outbound telemarketing functions efficiently.  Outbound telemarketing companies must use efficient CRMs that can help them process, track, and analyze all the information regarding customers or prospects competently.  Importantly, these telemarketing companies can share those data with clients as well, so that they can further modify or change their marketing strategies as per changing expectations or needs of customers.  This will not only ensure strategic relationships between telemarketing companies and their clients but will also pave way for improvement in overall performance.

Think beyond sales:  Telemarketing companies must understand that marketing is not confined within the boundary of sales and revenues.  Marketing functions should also be able to help businesses develop strategic, personalized relationships with customers.  Most telemarketing companies take plenty of initiatives that can help clients maximize sales and revenues, but they fail to ensure clients that their prospects and existing customers are offered personalized experience on every point of contact.  This does not help clients at all in enhancing their reputation, which is a mission-critical business aspect.  Therefore, telemarketing companies must take crucial steps in this regard so that they can ensure businesses that even their prospects and existing customers are offered an unmatched class of experience on every point of telephonic contact.

Train marketing specialists comprehensively:  This must not be forgotten that if a marketing specialist is not strategically trained as per client specific requirements, then he/she might not be able to accomplish sales target efficiently.  It is very important to train marketing specialists comprehensively, regarding every aspect of marketing.  During the training sessions, marketing specialists should be first of all taught about the significance of polite, insightful conversations with customers.  Then, these marketing specialists should also be provided detailed descriptions of all the products and services they would promote through telephone calls.  This will help them comprehend all the merits of products and services, and they can also learn the marketing skills to attract potential purchasers.  Besides all these, telemarketing specialists should also be trained regarding usage of tools and software.  All these can help telemarketing specialists in accomplishing telemarketing functions in a competent manner, and this in turn can ensure increased overall efficiency of outbound telemarketing companies.

Telemarketing companies must follow these tips which can help them in not only increasing their efficiency but also in putting an intact tab on telemarketing services prices.

How often should you exercise

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How often should you exercise

So you have decided to start on your 2010 health and fitness regime. You have hundreds of options available to you: join a gym, start a fitness class, exercise at home or train for an event. No matter what option you choose there is still one question that must always be answered, how often should I exercise?

Figuring out how often to perform your fitness regime comes down to 3 personalized factors. Firstly, how much time you have and how much time you are prepared to commit to getting results. Secondly, how intense the activity you are choosing to perform. Finally, how quickly you recover. Lets take a look at each of these in turn.

Before starting your new exercise regime it is important to ask yourself how committed you are to the cause? Exercising once every 2 weeks won't get you very far. Be honest with yourself. Realistically you need to do something at least twice per week. Now it is no good saying you are going to go all out and train 5 times per week when you know that you have little time for exercise and exercise isn't at the top of your priority list.

Once you know how often you are going to exercise you can decide on the intensity of the workout. Here you can start to get a little more creative. Intensity is key when it comes to fat loss so you are better working out harder for less days per week than lightly every day. This is a common mistake made by many people, often believing that more is better. If your goals are something less intense like Pilates or Yoga then you could perform these activities more frequently.

So you should now know the intensity and frequency of your workouts. The final thing to consider, and in my mind the most important, is how quickly you recover. Recovery is the key to any exercise program. You make progress when you recover from the exercise not when you are performing it. Our body learns from each session and through recovery makes it easier for us the next time. This is why you should always increase the intensity slightly over time. We all recover at different speeds depending on age, diet, stressors, genetics etc. Listen to your body and adjust the frequency accordingly.

Consider these 3 simple factors when planning out your exercise regime and you will get the maximum benefits from each workout. My advice would be to start exercising at a good intensity every other day. Listen to your body and take an extra day off if necessary. As you get used to your routine experiment with the intensity and frequency. The harder you work the more time you will need to recover. Don't forget that recovery is the most important factor but that doesn't make the perfect excuse for doing nothing at all this year.

How Much Will You Spend On Your Cruise

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How Much Will You Spend On Your Cruise

When it comes to planning a vacation, many families are concerned with the cost. Whether you consider yourself to be middle class, lower class, or upper class, the cost of your vacation is often of great importance. If you are spending your next vacation aboard a cruises ship, there are a number of different ways that you can estimate the total cost of your vacation.

The first step in estimating the cost of travel is to select a particular cruise line and cruise ship. The cruise ship you select is vital to estimating your vacation costs. This is because a number of cruise ships offer all-inclusive vacation packages. All-inclusive cruise ship packages may seem high priced, but you often do not have to worry about carrying along excessive amounts of money.

In addition to the type of cruise ship package you select, you will also need to consider where your cruise ship will depart from and what its destination is. If you are unable to book a vacation aboard a cruise ship with a departure port located near your home, you will have to include the cost of reaching your the port into your cruise.

If you are planning a cruise ship vacation, on a budget, the method of travel you select could have a significant impact on the overall cost of your vacation. For long distance travel you may want to compare the cost of airline tickets, bus tickets, or train tickets. Air travel is often considered the most preferred method of travel, but it is the most expensive. In addition to purchasing a bus ticket, airplane ticket, or train ticket, you may want to examine the cost of driving your own vehicle.

As previously mentioned, all-inclusive cruise ship packages help to eliminate the cost of food, drinks, and entertainment. While all-inclusive packages are nice, they are often hard to come by. If you are unable to book an all-inclusive cruise, will have to estimate the amount of money you will spend onboard. This estimate is not only important to estimating the cost of your vacation, but it should also be used to make sure you bring along enough spending money.

Estimating the cost of onboard entertainment is often easier than estimating the cost of your food and drinks. Most cruise lines have websites that offer detailed information on all of their ships. This information is also likely to include the cost of using a particular entertainment facility. You will find that many cruise ships charge their passengers to watch a movie, view a performance, or participate in many onboard activities. These onboard activities may include, but are not limited to, rock climbing, onboard surfing, gambling lessons, dance lessons, and swimming lessons.

Speaking of gambling, if you are interested in gambling on a cruise ship casino, you will need to keep this in mind when estimating the cost of your vacation. As with most land-based casinos, you can gamble with different amounts of money. If you are planning to estimate the cost of your vacation, you are encouraged to estimate the amount of money you will spend gambling. Since estimating money spent on gambling is difficult, you will want to aim your estimate high.

As previously mentioned, estimating the cost of your food and drinks can also be a difficult task. You can estimate the number of meals and drink you will have in a day, but it is important to remember that it is only an estimate. It is also difficult to estimate the cost of your onboard food and drinks because cruise ship menus are often difficult or impossible to obtain online. As with cruise ship gambling, it is advised that you overestimate the cost of food and drinks.

In addition to the cost of food, child care, travel, entertainment, and gambling it is advised that you consider the cost of obtaining items or souvenirs at the ports your ship plans on docking at. Whether you need to know if you can afford a cruise ship vacation or you'd just like to know where your money is going, there are an unlimited number of ways to estimate the total cost of your vacation.

How Much Luggage Are You Allowed To Carry While Traveling In The Indian Railway

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How Much Luggage Are You Allowed To Carry While Traveling In The Indian Railway

Many passengers are confused as to how much luggage they are allowed to carry while traveling in the Indian railway. Passengers are eligible for a Free Allowance and an extra Marginal Allowance which they can carry in the compartment. Beyond this, there is a maximum ceiling limit for carrying it in the compartment. This maximum ceiling limit is inclusive of the free allowance. In the AC first Class 70 kg is the freely allowed limit; 15 marginal allowance and maximum quantity permitted is 150. In AC 2-Tier Sleeper and First Class free limit is 50 kg; marginal allowance 10; and maximum quantity permitted 100. In AC 3-Tier Sleeper and AC Chair Car free limit 40 kg; marginal allowance 10; and maximum quantity permitted 40. In Sleeper Class Express/Ordinary freely allowed limit 40 kg; marginal allowance 10; and maximum quantity permitted 80. In Second Class Sleeper/Ordinary free allowance 35 kg; marginal allowance 10; and maximum quantity permitted 70.

While traveling in the Indian railways, you are allowed to carry luggage with you up to the free allowance limit at no extra cost other than your passenger ticket. Offensive, dangerous and explosive articles are not allowed to be carried with you. Prams, Umbrellas, TV sets, Laptop computers and Wheel Chairs for handicapped passengers are permitted within free allowance. They can be carried in person. However, you cannot carry articles like scooters and cycles free. But orthopaedically handicapped persons have some concessions. They can carry modified scooter and motorized tri-wheeler moped and they can book them in brake-van at 75% concession provided the orthopaedically handicapped passenger travels in the same train. They have to produce a certificate from a Government Doctor. If your articles exceed the charge-less limit, better reach the Luggage Booking Office 30 minutes prior to the scheduled departure time and get your goods weighed.

Then, about how much luggage you are allowed to carry under the ticket of children. Children aged 5 and below 12 years will be allowed half of the above quantity to the maximum of 50 kg. If you have articles exceeding the charge-less limit, you should book it at the Indian railways booking office, remit the specified amount and get it endorsed on your ticket for cross-referencing. If you carry unbooked or partially booked goods beyond the free limit, you will be penalized either at the en route stations or at the destination station. If it is within the Marginal Allowance limit, normal luggage rates will be payable subject to a minimum limit of Rs.30. If your articles exceed the Marginal Allowance limit, six times the due amount will be payable after the charge-less limit subject to a minimum limit of Rs.50.

How I Invented Multi Pitch Dog Training Whistle

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How I Invented Multi Pitch Dog Training Whistle

I could speak a lot about those times in the middle of a past century. About my childhood on the countryside filled by poverty and a lack of goods.

Almost every family had a lot of children but because of poverty and hard working, parents had not time to dedicate to their children. There was no word about playing with children at all.

But, the living in the village means to have many different animals and some of them became our live toys or even friends. We learned how to develop a deep love for our pets. On the other side, God gave those creatures a unique ability to sneeze under our skin and they have so much feelings and sense for firm friendship and great love towards children.

Thanks to that childhood I developed great sense for understanding and reading from every gesture and move, every look, every different tail or ear position of my dog. He was common half-breed with yellow hair and black coat. He was given to me by my neighbor when he was only two months old. My parents named him Mrki, but I couldn't pronounce letter 'R' and I called him Miki.

My father made me my first whistle. It was made of willow wood and it produced only one, but quite strong sound. I used it to train my Miki to come to me when I blow it. Later on, I learned to blow different sound patterns for different commands. I realized that dog can very easy understand which sound means which command. My Miki knew on which sound to come, on which sound to stop barking, on which sound to run after sheep, when to lay down and when to sit. I had a problem because I used to loose the whistle very often and then my father had to make me a new one. When I was a little older I made it by myself. But it was very difficult to make another whistle with the same sound pitch. And that was quite confusing for my Miki.

Years were passing and my Miki was older and older. He died when I was twenty years old. Our home was overwhelmed by sorrow despite that we knew he was very old, blind and deaf.

Even I loved Miki so much and my memories on him was so fresh, I decided to buy another dog. Not so long after Miki's dead I met one famous hunting dogs breeder who told me that he has one breed of Istrian hounds. He already sold two poppies and three were left. I went to his place in order to buy one female poppy but when I saw them playing so happily I couldn't separate them. So I bought all three. My parents were not very happy with my deal but very soon they loved them also.

While my poppies were growing I started hunting course and preparing myself for hunting exam. I never liked the idea of killing animals, but going hunting was the only way for my hunting dogs to go to forest and freely express their nature instincts.

I bought my first dog whistle in the shop. They told me it was the best for dog training. But, problem aroused immediately. That whistle had only two sounds and I had three dogs. Each dog has to be trained with his own sound pitch, but instructions must have the same sound pattern. Let's see one hunting example. What happens if you have two hounds and one bloodhound. Hounds will run after wild boar and bloodhound will run after them. Now, you want to call him back, but hounds should continue to run after the boar. In that case, you simply blow the whistle pitch for callback bloodhound only. He will come to you, but hounds will not. Similar is when you want to return one hound or send him in the different direction. It's very important that you can control each dog individually. And you can do it easily by using multi pitch dog whistle only.

In that time I was informed that there was such a dog whistle in the Germany pet shops. I took a train and went to Germany to buy a multi pitch dog whistle. That was in 1973th. A friend of mine worked in Germany and he had a car. We checked all pet shops in a circle of 500 km, but I couldn't find a dog whistle which can produce more then two sounds. I found the whistle with adjustable frequency, but I couldn't turn it back to previously desired pitch. There were no marks on it and to change pitch I had to turn the screw several rounds. Besides, that ultrasonic dog whistle couldn't produce sound higher then 20 kHz. When I came back I discovered that my dogs couldn't hear it from a distance more then 30-40 meters. It was very expensive and useless and I threw it away.

Since that time I was always thinking about how to make a dog whistle which can produce several sounds with full precision. I wanted it to operate in ultrasonic range from 20 to more then 30 kHz and in lower frequencies audible for humans, also. And I wanted it to be useful in the night and for blind persons too. Finally, I wanted that all frequencies were selectable in only one turn of sound regulator. Very difficult task.

For years I've been working on it. Precisely from 1973th to 2005th. Thirty two years of work. I threw away few thousands of unsuccessful whistles, but I have always returned to the same task.

Finally I succeeded in April 2005th. I protected it with patent and started to promote it worldwide. My multi pitch dog training whistle won many international awards for innovation. It can produce sixteen sound frequencies ranged from 3.5 kHz to 31.30 kHz and it is stainless steel high quality hand made dog training whistle. There is no other dog whistle with such characteristics.In the mean time my Istrian hounds died. I have one Posavian hound and one Alpenlndische Dachsbracke now. They are very obedient and they recognize my Schweizer Dog Whistle sounds perfectly.

How Do You Play Keyboard With Both Hands

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How Do You Play Keyboard With Both Hands

So, you want to learn to play the keyboard? Well, you can't expect to sit down the first couple of times and play magnificently. It takes hand, body and brain coordination to learn to play with both hands, and that takes some time to master.

Learning to play any musical instrument can be challenging, but especially when you are learning to play the keyboard, because you have to train your brain and your hands to use both hands to play.

Coordination

In piano or keyboard lessons, one of the most difficult things to learn is the hand, brain, eye coordination. Of course there are other instruments that also use two hands although in many cases one hand is used more often to balance, or does not need nearly as much coordination as learning to play the keyboard.

Learning to Read and Play with Both Hands Requires Bodily and Brain Training

Learning to play any instrument is somewhat like learning a different language. Especially, if you are also learning music theory as you are learning to play the keyboard or the piano. Initially reading music and playing with both hands will be difficult, at least until your brain adapts to the new learning method.

It takes some time for the brain to learn to react quickly to key changes, volume, time changes and the different rhythms. It is not really a matter of difficulty but of adaptation and this is what is frustrating to many new players because they believe they should be able to do it quickly. It takes time and practice and there is no way of avoiding either the practice or the time. Invest time and effort into your keyboard lessons.

Playing the Keyboard with Both Hands Automatically Gets Easier

As you become more experienced with the keyboard and the keys, something will happen to your body which happens to every great musician. The body and particularly your fingers will begin to react almost without thought. This is a key element to any competent player.

The Importance of Learning to Play Scales

In learning to play the keyboard the process will begin when you start learning to play the scales. Students have to learn how to ascend and descend the keyboard using both hands at the same time, and they need to be able to do this in both major and minor keys.

These scale practices not only train the mind and fingers to play simultaneously but also offer agility and flexibility required to play. This helps fingers lose their slowness and keep them from getting stiff. Believe it or not, even the greatest of pianists play scales, and they spend hours a day doing it so that their fingers become very flexible.

When learning to play the keyboard with both hands it is crucial that you play every single day. This is why experts cannot stress enough the importance of practice. If you are a beginner don't get frustrated either with the practice sessions or the scales. There is a reason for everything. Just take one step at a time and rejoice in what you are learning and in your current ability.

How Can You Lose Your Self-Confidence

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How Can You Lose Your Self-Confidence

It might be hard to believe that you can lose your self-confidence. Some people are so convinced of this that they do not recognize that they have lost confidence in themselves.

There are many things that can happen to destroy your self-confidence. For many, their confidence is so strong that they are unaffected by the types of events that destroy it in others. In part, it depends on how confident you were to start with.

Here are 5 things that can cause you to lose your self-confidence

1. Events that trigger unhappiness

As you go through life, you are bombarded with many situations that determine your happiness. Achieving your goals, meeting your first love, and having all of your needs fulfilled all contribute to your happiness. If any of these are lacking, you can become unhappy. Over time, this lack of success can cause you to doubt yourself and your abilities.

2. Lack of self-worth

When your needs are not met as outlined in number one, the doubts cause you to lose your self-worth. You begin to devalue yourself because you seem unable to achieve your goals, despite your efforts. You become uncomfortable with yourself and can even resort to self-loathing.

3. Loss of belief in yourself

When you are unhappy and are not comfortable with who you are, you lose belief in yourself. Nothing seems to be working in your life. As this becomes more evident, you start to lose confidence. Gradually you lose all believe in yourself and your capabilities. This can cause you to stop trying.

4. Becoming fearful

As time passes, your loss of self-worth and self belief cause you to become fearful of trying anything new. In fact, you can become reluctant to continue with activities that once gave you pleasure and fulfillment.

5. Reduced self-awareness

At one time, you were very aware of your potential and your limitations. As your unhappiness grew and you began to lose self-worth, you started to lose your ability to identify or connect with your true potential and capabilities.

This slow slide can be caused by certain events in your life that traumatized or upset you in some way. Where you were once confident, this event or series of events caused you to question yourself.

It is not uncommon for people to state that they are confident when in fact they are not. They refuse to accept or are truly unaware of the reality of their situation.

And then there are those who had confidence and do not understand why they no longer have it. These 5 points will help you to better understand your situation and how you can lose your self-confidence.

How Can I Start My Own Booth Rental Salon

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How Can I Start My Own Booth Rental Salon

These days it is quite common to find a Booth Rental Salon which is a salon or a spa made up of independent solo stylists instead of employees. According to one estimate around 70% of salons and spas are running with independent contractors or as they say, Rent-A-Chair business model. With your salon on the booth rental business model, you are in effect just like a landlord. The reasons why such booth rental salons are growing are:

- That the salon owner does not need to pay worker compensation - The salon owner does not need to pay federal and state employment taxes - They do not need to pay for group insurance or other such overheads - They do not need to train or manage employees - They do not need to spend money for acquiring new customers

If you want to start your own booth rental salon, there are certain challenges that you have to be prepared to overcome which are different from the ones faced by a salon owner who follows the "employee model". There are three important things you might want to consider:

1. Decide your salon booth rental charges: Many salon owners who are operate on booth rental basis make a lot of effort just to get their booths filled. It is important to decide what you are going to charge the solo stylists and be confident about what you are offering them. There are fixed expenses to your salon like electricity, rent, insurance, etc. You could divide the fixed expenses equally among the salon booth rental spaces available. Ultimately your charges should ensure that your business is profitable.

2. Put your retail strategy in place Booth rental salons have varying retail strategies. The independent contractors may use and sell the products of their choice or you as the salon owner could manage all the retail business in your salon. In any case, the client needs to have an "integrated" experience as she walks in and waits for her appointment or requires recommendations on her way out of the salon. The clients would not want to know or even care about your salon setup. So if your salon has the retail products displayed and recommended in a haphazard manner, you will lose on overall business.

3. Training the Solo stylists Even though they are not your employees, anything that they do wrong that makes the client unhappy will be ultimately your responsibility. Strive to build a common vision and team spirit in the team right from the start and ideally they should be allowed to take the space only when you have seen their potential to maintain excellent client service standards.

Being the owner of a salon which runs on the booth rental business model can be a very satisfying experience. If you manage your booth rental salon right you could earn decent income through salon rentals and get freedom and flexibility in your life. All you need to ensure is to take a good hard look at your Rent 'a'chair business model and ensure that it is meeting your needs and presenting a good image to your clients.

How Air Hostess Training Can Help You

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How Air Hostess Training Can Help You

To become an air hostess is a hidden dream of every girl during her growing times. And why wouldnt it be. This career definitely has many reasons to attract the young and beautiful females, as it is glamorous, well-paying, gives them an opportunity to move around and many other benefits that follow.

This sector has a lot to offer its aspirants. One does not only get the chance to be hospitable but also learns to be polite and courteous to other people, which is definitely an incentive along with other advantages.

Though there is no basic education required to become a proficient air hostess or a flight steward, one can always choose to join an Air Hostess Training Institute. In fact, till sometime back, all those girls who were good looking, confident and intelligent, could easily become an air hostess with a reputed airline. But things have changed now, many new institutes have come which train and teach aspiring air hostesses and flight stewards.

But the basic element of good looks and intelligence still remains. Being an air hostess or a flight steward is obviously very different from becoming a pilot. The common responsibility of all of them is to take utmost care of their passengers. The basic difference is that a pilot has to take care of their lives with his flying skills and an air hostess has to make sure that the passengers enjoy their beautiful journey comfortably.

It is undoubtedly the right career to be chosen if a woman loves to travel, meet new people and work hard. Women who are aged between 19 and 26 years can take part in several Air Hostess training programs.

There are various shortcomings as well, as an Air Hostess has to cope up with odd working hours, has to always sport a pleasant air (even if shes not feeling good about something) and has to handle passengers with ease. Anyone who feels has the skill to do all this will certainly dedicate his/her 100% in being an Air Hostess or a flight steward or be a part of the cabin crew.

Modules of the Air Hostess Training
An aspirant can opt from various Air Hostess training modules available. These modules are divided on the basis of time. The module which they select can be a short-term Air Hostess training course that lasts not more than 3 to 6 months or courses that stretch for a year or more.

The focus of these courses is to improve the confidence level, develop their overall personality, to understand the best and the most pleasant way to deal with people, to carry oneself with grace, and to work on various other technical aspects related to flying. During flying, if there is any crisis, it is an Air Hostess/flight steward, who plays a significant role in keeping the passenger calm and patient and helping them cope with the situation in the best manner possible. So all this in turn makes the job of an air hostess or a flight steward full of responsibility.

Besides that, this job is a fairly demanding job and requires stamina, skills, patience and an ability to smile through trying times, the payoffs are considerable. The starting salaries of air hostess working in a domestic airline range from Rs 15,000 to Rs 25,000 gross per month depending on the airline and the candidate, going up to Rs 4 lakh for senior staff. Whereas, in foreign airlines the starting salary of a candidate is Rs 15,000-40,000 and Rs 8 lakh for experienced and senior staff.

How an Air Hostess Training Course Can Help You:
It helps you...

* In becoming aware of the cabin crew profession, its origins and current practice.
* In describing the aircraft types and cabin crew functions.
* Learning how to manage passenger interactions in a variety of circumstances.
* Knowing about different types of emergency and safety procedures.

The content of these courses
First and foremost, it provides an introduction to the Aviation Industry. Secondly, it teaches basics about the Cabin Crew Profession. Then they teach about Cabin Crew Lifestyle.

Further the course provides:

* Introduction to Aircraft and Aviation Familiarisation
* Crew Member Coordination and Communication.
* Customer Service.
* Managing Passenger Interactions.
* Safety and Emergency Procedures.
* Medical Emergencies and Medical Training.
* Introduction to Dangerous Goods and Hazardous Materials.
* Aviation Security.
* Service Procedures.

Home School Math Worksheets And Learning To Teach With Them

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Home School Math Worksheets And Learning To Teach With Them

If you are planning to home school your child, there are many resources available to you to help you teach your children. Many parents choose to home school their children so that they provide a better education and safety for their children. There is no doubt that schools have become dangerous places in many cities. Even smaller towns are not immune to the dangers in schools.

The safety of your children is rightly a first priority. While your child's safety and education are first priorities, a close runner-up is your ability to teach all the subjects your child needs. No one parent is expected to be able to teach their child all subjects without some help, just a teacher receives help. One of those topics you are going to need help in is math.

If you are twenty-five years or older, math has changed and the jokes about the new math are real serious. Obtaining a home school math program is an excellent idea. What a math program will provide is a teach guide, a student guide and worksheets for math. These home school math worksheets can be invaluable to you as you try and re-learn how you think about math. While it sounds strange to talk about learning a new way to think about math, that is exactly what you need to do, in able to help your child learn what they need.

As a test, if you still do math by carrying, you have to re-learn math. While you will not necessarily need to do the home school math worksheets, you may want to, as practice to re-train your brain. Instead of carrying, you will be doing grouping, and you need to get used to the language and learn to work the problem that will be presented by the home school math worksheets.

Use the program you get and work your entire way through it before you start using it with your child. While this may sound a little crazy, and adult doing grade school math, by the time you finish you will be prepared to teach new math to your child sufficiently, with the help of the home school math program and the home school math worksheets, to allow them to learn and to achieve high scores on their tests.

While it is true that home schooled children obtain 15% to 20% higher scores on achievement tests than public school children, that is only if their parent can provide adequate teaching skills. You can obtain home school math worksheets and books, by using the methods above.

Helpful Tips For Training New Staff Members

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Helpful Tips For Training New Staff Members

Providing appropriate initial and ongoing training for new staff members is essential, not only in terms of preparing individuals for their new position, but also in retaining them for a longer period of time. Trained staff members are more knowledgeable and possess a diverse array of skills, enabling them to provide quality services that help the organization accomplish its mission. This article provides useful tips for training new staff members.

1. Upon hire, all new staff members should participate in an employee orientation program. Determine who and how many individuals will orient the new staff member. Will it be the new hires immediate supervisor, a human resources (HR) employee, some other individual (e.g., former employee), or a combination of these individuals? For example, the immediate supervisor may provide specific training regarding the new employees job duties and responsibilities, while a HR representative may provide a general orientation to the organizations programs and services. Regardless of who conducts the training, an orientation training schedule should be developed for each new employee (e.g., who s/he will meet with, when they will meet, and what will be covered).

2. Develop an employee orientation program that includes, but is not limited to, the following components:

a. An overview of the organization, including its mission, vision, programs, services, staff members, board of directors, collaborative relationships, funding sources, etc.

b. An overview of the positions job duties (highlighting all essential functions), responsibilities, and work expectations (e.g., travel, evening and weekend hours).

c. An overview of all employee benefits, including, but not limited to, medical, dental, and vision insurance; short-term and long-term disability insurance; life insurance policy; 401 k plan or other retirement plan; vacation, sick, and other types of leave; and other benefits, if applicable.

d. An overview of the organizations regular and personnel policies and procedures.

e. A tour of the organizations facility and introduction to all staff members.

f. Where the individuals office is, what equipment (with passwords, if needed) is available for him/her to use, and where s/he can access office supplies.

3. After orientation, there is usually training specific to the new employees probationary period. Training during this period is generally more extensive, as youre trying to bring the employee up to speed, as quickly as possible. The main focus should be on the employee learning and becoming proficient at his/her job, how it relates to the organizations other positions, and how it helps the organization accomplish its mission. The new employee and his/her immediate supervisor should meet at least weekly to ensure the employee is learning and applying the knowledge and skills necessary for ultimate success.

4. As information and technology changes, new ideas and theories emerge, and research findings are made available daily, youll want to provide opportunities for your staff to increase their knowledge and skills in areas critical to their respective jobs. Thus, an ongoing training program should be developed and implemented. Items to consider for an ongoing training program include:

a. Do you want the training to be conducted internally, by current members, former staff members, or board members? The latter two groups may include individuals who possess expertise in certain areas. You can also invite staff members from other organizations to present at a staff meeting.

b. What external training opportunities are available for your staff? Are there other nonprofit organizations or governmental agencies that provide training that could benefit your staff? Which organizations have workshops or annual conferences that your staff members have attended in the past?

c. Are you taking advantage of all of the different training modalities available today, such as teleclasses, teleseminars, and webinars? Your staff members can easily participate in these training events while remaining in the office, as they only need access to a computer and/or a phone.

d. Are there specific work-related books, e-books, newsletters, journals, magazines, or other publications that you want your staff members to read initially and/or on a regular basis?

e. Do you have a training budget in place for staff that provides ample opportunities for learning and growth? Although many organizations cut training when they are forced to tighten their belts, this may harm the organization in the long run, as their staff will have outdated knowledge and skills. In addition, when staff salaries are low, many employees see training opportunities as a benefit or plus, which could contribute to employee retention.

f. Do you maintain a list of training programs and resources that staff can easily access and review? Responsibility for updating and maintaining this list should be assigned to one employee (e.g., HR representative, training coordinator).

g. Have you developed and implemented an approval process for handling individual requests for training, including the appointment of a staff member (e.g., HR representative, training coordinator) to approve training requests? You want to ensure that all staff members are provided an opportunity for attending training events.

Providing initial and ongoing training to staff members is necessary in order to maintain a qualified pool of employees. The provision of diverse training opportunities can also result in employee retention, as staff members value training, understanding how important it is to keep their knowledge and skills fresh and current. Trained staff are better service providers, helping the organization carry out its mission in a more effective and efficient manner.

Copyright 2009 Sharon L. Mikrut, All rights reserved.

Helpful Labrador Training Tips

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Helpful Labrador Training Tips

If you want to have a dependable and obedient Labrador, then Labrador training should not be taken for granted for it is only through proper Labrador training that you can truly enjoy having a Labrador Retriever as an additional member of your family. Despite their reputation as a very mellow pets, Labradors can be quite problematic if not handled and trained properly.

To help Labrador owners with their Labrador training, below are some tips useful to achieve successful Labrador training:

The alpha position in the pack. Having descended from wolves, dogs thrive in packs. In wild settings, the strongest one often assumes the leadership role. But since they are in family setting, you must convince your Lab of the people pack, and you as the owner must assume the role of the alpha, the leader of the pack. Failure to do so would mean losing control over your four-legged friend.

Before the basic. Labrador training should start early, about a week or two after a puppy is born. This early training however, doesn't involve training the basic commands such as sit, stay and so on. Training at this stage of a puppy's life should focus on simple associations and later on socialization when the puppy is around three weeks old. Socialization period includes social investigation, playful fighting and playful sexual behavior. These things are essential to help puppy develop social relationship as he grows.

The basic training. At around eight weeks of age, puppies can start learning the basic obedience commands such as sit, stay, down or come. Other tricks can also be taught depending on the dog's stamina, concentration and physical coordination.

Communication is the tool. What better tool can help owners with their dog training than good communication? It is the owner or the handler's responsibility to communicate to the dog what behaviors are correct, desired or acceptable and what behaviors are undesirable and should be avoided. If the handler/owner cannot communicate with the dog, he will not know that the dog is confused, happy, nervous and so on. The emotional state of the dog is important in Labrador training.

Appropriate training method. There are various methods in training a dog, the most widely used is the positive training method. This method means using reward to increase good behavior that is being exhibited. Advocates of positive training method believe that this method should be applied rather than punishing a dog physically in the hopes of decreasing bad behavior. But if your dog doesn't respond to positive training quite well, then you should try other training methods.

Help For Single Mom - Things to Do and to Avoid in Being a Single Mother

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Help For Single Mom - Things to Do and to Avoid in Being a Single Mother

There are a lot of things to do and to avoid in being a single mother. Once you have known the basics of the things that need to be done and those that should be avoided in being a single mother, then you would definitely know what to do and how to handle every situation that you will face in your parenthood. You do not even need to learn about Child Psychology do be able to respond appropriately.

Enumerating the do's and don'ts on being an effective single mother would seem impossible because of the countless things involved in it. However, a single mother would only need to know a few to be able to raise her child properly. The basic principle behind all the parenting tricks is to make your child your number one priority. Whenever you lack out of answers and reasons to back up your decision, always think if your decision is the best decision for your child. Some of the things that you should avoid are divorce and dating discussions. Factors that can affect your decisions and logical thinking would include stress and anxiety. With the presence of these factors, you can actually make wrong decisions for your child which can only be apparent in the future.

Discussions that should be avoided by the single mother with her child

Actually, there are more sensitive topics that are discussed between single parents and their children. Usually, as the children ages, they tend to ask more about where their father is, how they were born and anything that involves having a complete family. Discussions like these would be hard for women who had given birth through artificial insemination and those single mothers who opt to be single. When these children start to ask about babies, then your answers should also be appropriate for their age. Keep in mind that when your child reaches the teenager years, he/she would begin to understand everything better.

Being a single mother, you should be able to instill proper values to your child. Based from a study, teens have an active sex life before they even reach their senior year. However, despite the fact that teenagers are doing this, not all parents are able to suspect it. In order to prevent occurrences of teen pregnancy, as a single mother, you should be able to explain that to your teenage daughter.

When you are discussing topics with your children, you should be able to carefully select the words because every word that will come out of your mouth will be instilled to your child permanently.

Probably, the most influencing factor for the sexual activities of young people is media. A lot of shows being aired on the television contain scenes that are not suitable for the eyes of young children and teenagers. Often times, teenagers who regularly watch these shows are more likely to get pregnant early than those who don't. One of the best ways that a single mother can do in order to prevent the occurrence of early pregnancy is to make sure that the influencing factors such as television is eliminated. Since a single mother have to work for more hours, then it will be quite difficult to control which shows to avoid. Thus, the mother can choose other sources of entertainment that can be controlled for her child.

A single mother can train her child upon closing doors and opening doors

When the child is still young, a single mother should train the child to always say I love you, whenever leaving the room or entering it. Once the child is used to hugs and kisses whenever they enter the room or leave the house, they'd still do that manner even if they grow up to become adults. You'd even be able to detect whether your child starts to smoke through their smell.

Comforting the child and addressing needs should always be the priority of single parents. It is always better to listen to what your child has to say rather than passing on your judgment to them without even hearing their side or letting them explain. Your child too has feelings that you should not disregard and take for granted.

When a single mother starts to date, it could be an issue to the child. Therefore, the single mother and her date should always show respect for each other whenever they're in front of their children.

It is important that you provide your children with all the love and care that they need.

For more information on single mother pregnancy as well as government single mother programs , visit http://www.singlema.com, the resource portal with support and assistance programs for single mothers

HAZMAT, HAZWOPER Trainings A Must

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HAZMAT, HAZWOPER Trainings A Must

People involved in handling hazardous materials don't just perform their functions without the right knowledge and proper trainings. The Federal government notably the Department of Transportation (DOT) requires the necessary training known as the hazardous materials training or HAZMAT and imposes fines for violations. It also calls for the hazardous waste operations and emergency response standard or OSHA HAZWOPER for specific employers and employees.

HAZMAT covers employers and employees engaged in the transport of hazardous materials using motor vehicles from the loading, unloading and handling to the testing, reconditioning, fixing, modifying and packaging. The DOT today actually requires clerks, drivers, supervisors, warehouse staff and even employees who just sign a manifest to under the HAZMAT training. Employers include any department or agency of the U.S. that represent, mark, certify, sell, offer, test, repair or modify packagings of hazmat that are to be transported or shipped for trade purposes.

The DOT HAZMAT training required by the Federal hazardous materials transportation law is meant to equip hazmat employees with the appropriate knowledge and skills in performing their duties well, heighten their safety awareness and enable them to be an instrument in preventing hazmat incidents. The program includes general awareness, safety and security awareness, in-depth security and driver trainings. After the initial training, follow-up trainings are called for at least once every three years.

Meanwhile, the OSHA HAZWOPER standard covers workers exposed or who have the potential to be exposed to hazardous materials including wastes. The safety training is aimed at enabling them to perform their functions without risking their lives.

These employees are those involved in clean-up operations required by a governmental body at hazardous waste sites, corrective actions that entail clean-up operations, voluntary clean-up operations in areas with hazardous wastes, specific operations that involve hazardous wastes conducted at treatment, storage and disposal facilities and emergency response operations aimed at releasing hazardous substances regardless of the area.

Companies wanting to avail of these HAZMAT and HAZWOPER trainings have to verify the credibility of the provider to make sure they are not wasting their money. Various scams exist on the internet hence, it is highly recommended that an initial check should be done before committing to a training program.

Compliance Solutions is one company that has responded well to the needs of customers for convenient HAZMAT and HAZWOPER trainings with a money-back guarantee. Depending on a firm's needs, it provides training in three ways - through traditional seminars, on-site and online trainings.

The latest additions to its standard trainings are six new compliance request online training courses - eight-hour Spanish HAZWOPER, 24-hour Spanish HAZWOPER, DOT HAZMAT Transportation- Spanish, IATA Transportation of Dangerous Goods, DOT-mandated New Driver Training and Hydrogen Sulfide Training.

Compliance Solutions also conducts seminars that include an eight-hour hands-on training in 57 cities. In fact, it is the only company that provides an online HAZWOPER training for 40 hours which is in accordance to the OSHA regulations and guidelines. Hands-on training is a major requirement by OSHA which believes that it is the only way to train employees and without it, the workers may get into hot water.

Have a Nice Walk With Your Dog

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Have a Nice Walk With Your Dog

Walking your dog can be a great experience for both of you and your dog. Even if the weather that day isn't perfect, most dogs are so enthusiastic about going out for a walk that it's hard not to get at least a little excited about going out with them and exploring the great outdoors. The only problem is that walking next to their owners outside is not natural for any dog. So if you have a new puppy or a dog that has never learned to let you control the walk, I hope I have some useful information here for you.

Why go through the effort to train your dog to walk with you? Well, if you have a medium or large dog that pulls towards every smell, every squirrel, or every other dog, I think you already know the answer to this question. Under these conditions, walking with even the most loving dog on the most glorious spring day can become a chore, or even painful. But even if we don't consider extreme cases, a dog walking properly next to you has many other benefits. First, if he is allowed to walk in front of you he is less aware of what pace and direction you are moving. No wonder you have to tug on the leash to get him to turn those corners! Also, if you have a dog or puppy that wants to eat anything that smells good that he comes across, how can you intercede if you are way behind him? Finally, there are many trainers that feel that dogs will naturally become the "pack leader" if they sense nobody else is filling that role. Many of these trainers are quick to point out that most dogs don't WANT to be the pack leader. They would be less anxious and more relaxed to let someone else run the show, but in the wild, the pack will only survive if there is a leader, so they instinctively try to step up to the job. This means if you are not the leading the walk, your dog will lead the walk. Which probably sounds okay until the pulling starts.

As we begin our journey to good dog walking, let's start with the basics; the collar or harness. If you already know that your dog is a strong puller, a standard collar and leash may not prevent him from injuring himself. Alternatives such as front-attaching harnesses or a "halti" type collar should be used. Choke or prong collars are available, however these can cause injury and really don't teach your dog how to walk properly.

If you have a puppy or an active dog, it seems natural to get him outside on a walk right away to burn off some of that energy. However, many trainers advocate building up to the outdoor walk, so we don't have to fight bad habits immediately. Start by introducing your dog to the leash in a positive way in a location without distractions, such as in your home.

Some dogs will be so excited about their walk that you get pulled out the door and it never stops. If you find this seems to be the case, don't just plunge ahead only to be disappointed with your dog's walking skills. This is a case where a little desensitization can help a lot. Begin taking the leash out several times a day and then don't walk him. The idea is for him to begin to realize that the leash doesn't always mean it's time to go outside. Taking your dog outside to play in the backyard BEFORE the walk also helps in these cases.

Start off by taking a short walk following a straight path, rewarding eye contact. Change directions more frequently as your dog gets the feel for it. Use treats in a productive manner. Some dogs will be so excited once they are walking outside that they won't seem to be interested in treats (or you), so right from the start, practice calling your dog's name and then giving him a treat when he responds with eye contact. Other dogs love their treats so much that just giving them one treat seems to make them almost lose interest in the walk as they start looking for the next snack. Begin your introduction to the walk indoors, then your backyard and then the sidewalk in front of your house.

There are different methods for dealing with the inevitable leashing pulling that you will experience, but the most recommended method is to simply stop walking when there is tension on the leash. Your dog is excited about something ahead and he really doesn't mind dragging you along if it means he can get to what is so interesting. Simply put, don't reward pulling by allowing your dog to get to his goal by pulling you along and you should be consistent about it. Sometimes simply stopping will be enough to make your dog curious about what happened to you and he will look back or even walk back to you, which is great. Even though this outcome is positive and you should encourage and reward it, you may have to take a more proactive response, namely gently but firmly reversing direction after a verbal signal ("let's go" or something along those lines). Also, if your dog has begun to associate you calling his name with him getting a treat, simply calling him may do the trick.

During the learning period, expect to be reversing direction pretty frequently. Don't be discouraged by unfulfilled expectations that you cover a certain route. Judge your success on a minute by minute basis. If your dog is not pulling, you are setting up a walking behavior that will benefit you for years to come. This is true even if you have some 20 or 30 minute walks but never get more than a few houses away from home as a result of you are reversing direction so frequently. Finally, try to allow extra time for your walks. You won't be able to guide your dog through his correct walking manners if you need to be rushing back home.

As your dog learns how to walk with you without pulling, you will find that not only are you both getting exercise and fresh air, but you are walking together as a team, which is a pretty great experience for any dog owner.

Guide to Track and Ballast for Bachmann Scale Model Trains

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Guide to Track and Ballast for Bachmann Scale Model Trains

Designing and setting up the track layout for Bachmann model trains can be a fun and rewarding experience. Scale model trains require consideration of many facts while planning their design. This article provides some important facts about the track and ballast, and how these two components can work together to create an amazing surface for any scale model trains to run on.

Track is available in several finishes and sizes. When selecting a finish, choose nickel whenever possible. Though it is the most expensive option, brass is being phased out and steel oxidizes and attracts debris rapidly. Each track is assigned a code number which refers to the height of the rails. Code 100 is the most widely used, but Code 83 can be used for a more realistic look. The width of the track is called "gauge." Whether you are running Bachmann trains or Lionel or any other brand, all scale model trains must be the same gauge as the track in order to run properly. Bachmann trains and track come in several gauges with "O" and "HO" being the most popular.

After choosing a track, installation is easy and only requires a few basic steps. First, mark the positions for your track layout plan on the board surface. Next, lay out the track loosely on the plan and make sure everything fits securely. Don't skip this step because adjustments and corrections are often required and it will be too late to make changes later. Next, nail as many rail spikes through the holes in the track as is needed to hold it firmly. Finally, insert electrical connection for power.

Ballast is the rocks or gravel placed in between the rails and ties. Ballast comes in a variety of sizes and colors, including custom colors, which can be made by mixing two or more standard colors. You can find ballast at local hobby shops or online. Choose a size and color appropriate for your scale model trains and native to the area of the design. Ballast also works universally across all brands so the same ballast that works with Bachmann trains will work just as well with Bachmann, Hornby and any other brand.

After the track is installed and painted, it is time to install the ballast. Use a teaspoon to slowly sprinkle the ballast, beginning with the inside rails and then moving to the outside. Keep the edges neat and straight and gently remove ballast off the rails with a soft brush. Be careful not to get any on the points.

Hobbyists have a great variety of track and ballast available to fit the needs of just about any track layout imaginable. These two components work together to make your scale model trains realistic and fun. Selecting the right size track in an appropriate finish, and completing it with ballast native to the area being portrayed helps convey the theme of the design. By taking care in selecting the correct size and finish, scale model trains hobbyists can take just as much pride in their track and ballast as they do in owning brands like Bachmann trains.

Guide to HO Scale Railroad Model Trains Track Layouts

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Guide to HO Scale Railroad Model Trains Track Layouts

There are a few things to remember when designing custom layouts for HO scale model railroad trains. First, enjoy yourself! There is lots of room for creativity, just stay with in a few basic guidelines.

Some very useful online tools including free software to design your own railroad model layout; search for it - it is even fun to use. You can also do it the old fashioned way, using pencil and paper with a compass for curves and a ruler for straight-aways. Keep in mind that no matter how exact you are in your design, when it comes to laying the materials, some adjustments will always be necessary.

You can also design your layout right on location, placing track pieces and switches loosely in place to get a feel for what it will look like. You can move things around until you have it exactly the way you want it. This is known as "going free-lance".

It's helpful to deliberately leave openings for later changes and additions. Leave some space for a train yard you might be able to add later, or other details you might not have the time or money for in your railroad model right now. This makes for a rewarding, multi-stage project, growing in complexity over time.

There are several different types of yards you can add. A "hump" yard has a gentle slope with an uncoupler, allowing uncoupled cars to gently roll away from the mainline. A staging yard is a section of track deliberately hidden from view, where you send your trains to wait. It's useful to simulate long-distance runs, or simply for storage purposes.

One important guideline to keep in mind is the minimum radius for your turns, which in HO scale model trains is 18 inches for 4 axle diesels and 22 inches for 6 axle diesels. As a general rule, things will look and work best with 24 inch radius turns. For a full circle, this means 48 inches diameter, so you will need slightly more than a 4 foot wide space for such a layout.

Another important guideline is the maximum grade, which for HO scale model trains is 4%. What this means is that you should take 100 horizontal inches to rise 4 vertical inches. And that's a maximum. Try to keep hills somewhat less steep than that. And test your engines to find out what they can handle and how many cars they can pull up that grade you're creating.

To simulate greater height, instead of creating a steep climb for the rails themselves, drop the ground level underneath. You can create some breathtaking gorge and valley scenery, or even just send a road or another track underneath.

For getting started with your first layout, it's probably best to stick with sectional track, which is fairly easy to snap together. More advanced modelers of HO scale model trains prefer to construct their layout from flex track. It comes in bundles, so it's generally cheaper, and, as its name implies, it is a very versatile option, with greater opportunity for customization. It will make your railroad model look good. You can create small, brief curves with more natural lead-ins as opposed to being restricted to standard radii and straightaways in the snap-together sets.

A final point to consider in your design is to be sure you will be able to get to all parts of the finished layout for maintenance purposes. Some advanced modelers constructing larger layouts will even make "access hatches", large holes covered by a movable portion of scenery, where they can come up from beneath and actually stand in the middle to work on those less accessible portions. Be sure the opening is large enough to comfortably stand and move around in. The scenery on the removable section should be light and durable for ease of handling. You may also want to create a screen of trees or some other visual obstruction in front of the removable section.